Smartphone addiction, risk factors and its adverse effects in nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Smartphones are technological devices that have a great impact on people's daily lives changing their habits and behaviors. The utilities and capabilities of these devices are increasing and the foresight is that this tendency will grow in the next years. However, the problematic use of the smartphone has increased dangerously, interfering with the clinical practice of healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction, also known as nomophobia, in nursing students and to identify its related factors and its negative effects. DESIGN: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: The literature search was done in CINAHL, Proquest, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. REVIEW METHODS: The search equation was "(nomophobia OR smartphone) AND nurs* student*". n = 16 articles were identified. RESULTS: The meta-analytic estimation of nomophobia or smartphone addiction was 22% (CI95% 18%-26%] in a sample of n = 2780 nursing students. Smartphone usability is very extended during the clinical practice by nursing students. They indicated using the device or watching other students distracted with their smartphone. Some variables related to excessive use in nursing students are lower sleep quality, lower self-esteem, higher social distress, lower perceived social support or lower communication skills between others. CONCLUSIONS: The main use of the smartphone by nursing students is for communication with other people and some of them indicate that it can be a distraction.

Flow-injection solid surface lanthanide-sensitized luminescence sensor for determination of p-aminobenzoic acid.

A single optosensing device based on lanthanide-sensitized luminescence was developed for determination of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The method is based on the formation of a complex between PABA and Tb(III) immobilized on the solid phase (QAE A-25 resin) placed inside the flow cell. NaCl (1 M) was used as carrier solution and HCl (0.05 M) as eluent. The sample solutions of PABA (100 µL) containing Tb(III) and buffered at pH = 6.0 were injected into the carrier stream and the luminescence was measured at λ (ex) = 290 nm and λ (em) = 546 nm. The method shows a linear range from 0.2 to 6.0 µg mL(-1) with an RSD of 1.2% (n = 10) and a sampling frequency of 22 h(-1). A remarkable characteristic of the method is its high selectivity which allows it to be satisfactorily applied to the analysis of PABA in pharmaceutical samples without prior treatment.

Recepción, acogida, cladificación y registros de Enfermería en Urgencias (Centros y Hospitales) / Reception, admission, classification and nursing regsiters in casualty departments (centres and hospitals)

Este documento enfermeero ha sido creado para la Recepción, Acogida y Clasificación (RAC) de pacientes en el ámbito de los servicios de urgencias de los Hospitales y Centros Asistenciales de la Mutua Asepeyo. Debido que muchos de nuestros pacientes llegan a nuestros centros con patología derivadas de un accidente laboral se hace necesario un método de clasificación rápido e individualizado de los usuarios a su llegada, para así poder delimitar inmediatamente cuál de ellos precisan realmente una atención prioritaria y cuál puede demorar su asistencia. La satisfacción del usuario con respecto a la calidad de los cuidados recibidos en los Servicios de Urgencias y los centros, está influenciado por el primer contacto con la enfermera justificando aún más la aplicación de esta hoja de evaluación enfermera. Esta hoja ayuda a valorar y tomar decisiones sobre un paciente, en el caso de que la enfermera, por diversas circunstancias, se encontrara sola y sin presencia médica en el momento de la recepción del paciente. Permite realizar una valoración enfermera teniendo en cuenta las necesidades del paciente en el momento de su llegada al centro sanitario. No realiza un diagnóstico médico. A su vez describe cuáles son las actividades que podría realizar un diagnóstico médico. A su vez describe cuáles son las actividades que podría realizar en los distintos niveles de urgencias en caso de estar o no estar el facultativo. Este registro clínico de enfermería es un soporte estructurado para la recogida de información sobre hechos u observaciones significativas, relacionados con la atención al paciente y de su familia, cuya última finalidad es facilitar el proceso de cuidar y dejar constancia escrita del mismo

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Analysis of pigments and coverings by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS) in the cemetery of Tutugi (Galera, Granada, Spain) and the settlement convento 2 (Montemayor, Córdoba, Spain).

This paper focuses on the identification of the composition of the coverings and pigments of two archaeological sites. The sites researched here lie in Andalusia and show two contexts, which have a highly symbolic and ritual meaning. The first, Convento 2 (Montemayor, Córdoba), dates back to the period of formation of the Iberian Culture (VIIth century b.c.). The second is the cemetery of Tutugi (Galera, Granada), of the mid-Iberian period (IVth century b.c.). The analytical procedure consisted in combined and complementary use of XRD and MRS. This allowed to identify the materials used, namely hematite, goethite, coal, gypsum and calcite. Identification of these materials proves essential for the restoration and musealization of both archaeological sites.

Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric administration.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine showing an excellent activity. However, danofloxacin pharmacokinetics profile have not been studied in horses previously. OBJECTIVE: To study the pharmacokinetics following i.v., i.m. and intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg bwt danofloxacin to 6 healthy horses. METHODS: A cross-over design was used in 3 phases (2 x 2 x 2), with 2 washout periods of 15 days (n = 6). Danofloxacin (18%) was administered by i.v. and i.m. routes at single doses of 1.25 mg/kg bwt. For i.g. administration an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Danofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Tolerability at the the site of i.m. injection was monitored by creatine kinase (CK) activity. RESULTS: Danofloxacin plasma concentration vs. time data after i.v. and i.g. administration could best be described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of i.m. administered danofloxacin was best described by a one-compartment model. The terminal half-lives for i.v., i.m. and i.g. routes were 6.31, 5.36 and 4.74 h, respectively. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.34 l/kg bwt/h. After i.m. administration, absolute bioavailability was mean +/- s.d. 88.48 +/- 11.10% and Cmax was 0.35 +/- 0.05 mg/l. After i.g. administration, absolute bioavailability was 22.36 +/- 6.84% and Cmax 0.21 +/- 0.07 mg/l. CK activity following i.m. dosing increased 3-fold over pre-injection levels 12 h after dosing and subsequently approached (but did not reach) normal values at 72 h post dose. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic danofloxacin exposure achieved in horses following i.m. administration was consistent with the predicted blood levels needed for a positive therapeutic outcome for many equine infections. Conversely, danofloxacin utility by the i.g. route was limited by low bioavailability. Tolerability associated with i.m. administration was high. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Pharmacokinetics, blood levels and good tolerability of i.v. and i.m. administration of danofloxacin in horses indicates that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive bacterial infections.

Simultaneous multidetermination of residues of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive and olive-pomace oils by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A multiresidue method for determining major pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oils in a single injection by use of gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) is proposed. Samples are previously extracted with an acetonitrile/n-hexane mixture and cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography. Electron ionization and chemical ionization allow pesticides and PAHs to be determined in a single analysis. The precision obtained was quite satisfactory (relative standard deviations ranged from 3 to 7.8%), and so were recoveries (84-110%). The linear relation was observed from 1 to 500 microg/kg for pesticides and 0.3 to 200 microg/kg for PAHs; also, the determination coefficient, R(2), was better than 0.995 in all instances. The proposed method was applied to the routine analysis of PAH and pesticide residues in virgin and refined olive oil and olive-pomace oil samples.

Nonfatal splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in an ass.

This report describes a case of nonfatal idiopathic splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in a female ass, a condition that has not been previously reported in this species. A 12-year-old female ass weighing 225 kg was presented with signs of anorexia, depression and prominent abdominal distension. At the onset of clinical signs there was evidence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. A large mass was palpated per rectum. The mass was confluent with the spleen and extended across the entire width of the abdomen. Percutaneous transabdominal ultrasonography and laparoscopy under general anaesthesia confirmed the diagnosis of splenic haematoma. The ass was treated initially with intravenous polyionic fluids; vitamins, trace elements and aminoacids; clanobutin; and penicillin and gentamicin, and was transfused with whole blood. After 5 days of hospitalisation the ass appeared brighter, and after 10 days the animal was discharged to recuperate at pasture. Six months later the animal's demeanour and appetite had improved. Repeat ultrasonographic examination showed persistence of the mass, but its thickness had decreased by 2 to 3 cm. A small mineralised area suggesting organisation of the haematoma was also detected. The haematological parameters had returned to normal values and the ass was clinically normal.

Fast and single solid phase fluorescence spectroscopic batch procedure for (acetyl) salicylic acid determination in drug formulations.

A solid phase fluorescence spectroscopic batch procedure for (acetyl) salicylic acid in drug formulations have been developed. The procedure is based on the sorption of salicylic acid (SA) on Sephadex DEAE A-25 anion exchanger gel (100 mg) by equilibration from an aqueous solution (10 or 25 ml) for 5 min; the equilibrated gel is transferred into an 1 mm quartz cell and the native fluorescence of SA sorbed on it is directly measured (lambda(ex)=297 nm; lambda(em)=405 nm). Good linearity was found in the 10-200 and 5-100 microg l(-1) ranges (for 10 and 25 ml sample volume, respectively) with R.S.D. (%) of 2.8 and 1.1. The procedure was successfully applied to the determination of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) in drug formulations after alkaline hydrolysis to yield SA.

A flow-through fluorimetric sensing device for determination of alpha- and beta-naphthol mixtures using a partial least-squares multivariate calibration approach.

A single flow-through optosensor spectrofluorimetric system is proposed for the resolution of mixtures of alpha- and beta-naphthol at mug l(-1) levels using a partial least-squares (PLS) calibration approach. The sensor was developed in conjunction with a monochannel flow-injection analysis system with fluorimetric detection using Sephadex QAE A-25 resin as an active sorbent substrate in the flow cell and the second derivative of the native synchronous fluorescence spectra of analytes as analytical signal. In the manifold, the solutions of naphthol (at pH 10.0) were injected in a carrier stream of KCl (0.15 M)/NaOH (10(-2) M). Because of the strong spectral overlap, the mixture could not be resolved by conventional spectrofluorimetry. The non-additive behaviour of the fluorescence signals revealed an interaction in the system, which was not found by working in the solution only (without the sorbent support). This interaction, probably due to the environment of the analytes on the solid phase, made impossible their simultaneous determination. So, the use of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy or even its derivative signal could not resolve satisfactorily the mixture. The simultaneous determination of both naphthol has been carried out by recording the signal of the second-derivative synchronous fluorescence (Deltalambda=170 nm) spectra between 200 and 450 nm and a PLS multivariate calibration treatment. The optimum number of factors was selected by using the cross-validation method. After validating the proposed method, it was applied to the determination of these compounds in natural waters with different amounts of each chemical.

Determinación de los niveles plasmáticos de cortisol en diferentes patologías de los équidos / Cortisol plasmatic levels in different equine diseases

En el presente trabajo se estudian los niveles de cortisolemia como principal indicador de estrés, junto con otras variables relacionadas con el estado de inflamación, dolor o deshidratación, que pueden relacionarse con el estrés, como el número de leucocitos, fibrinogenemia, proteínas totales, hematocrito, temperatura y frecuencia cardíaca. Utilizamos caballos remitidos al Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad de Murcia, que eran agrupados según los hallazgos clínicos que presentaban. Los valores de cortisolemia nos permitieron clasificar los grupos de la siguiente forma: grupos con niveles de cortisol similares al grupo control son los de laminitis crónica, enteritis proximal, síndrome de Horner y hernia umbilical. Los grupos con niveles inferiores al grupo control son los de hernia postoperatoria, anorexia, diarrea, castración, inflamaciones crónicas, babesiosis y anemia crónica. Y grupos con niveles de cortisolemia por encima del grupo control son desplazamiento de colon mayor, íleo ideopático, obstrucción estrangulada de intestino delgado e impactación de intestino grueso. Destacan por su elevada cortisolemia los grupos de inflamaciones agudas y de obstrucción estrangulada de intestino grueso. Los valores de cortisolemia encontrados se relacionan con la transcendencia clínica y la cronicidad de cada proceso concreto, así como con otros parámetros clínicos, asociados a dolor, inflamación o deshidratación (AU)

El estrés en los équidos / Equine stress

Los caballos son una especie muy sensible al estrés, una respuesta aguda de estrés induce un aumento en las concentraciones de cortisol plasmático. A corto plazo, moviliza energía, pero la producción de cortisol mantenida crónicamente contribuye al agotamiento de los músculos, a la hipertensión y a la alteración del sistema inmune y fertilidad. Esta respuesta de estrés crónico varía las concentraciones de cortisol plasmático según el estímulo que lo origina y la especie animal que se ve afectada. En este trabajo se revisan las diversas aportaciones sobre el tema: cómo afecta el transporte al estrés de los équidos (según la distancia, condiciones climatológicas y de transporte). También se estudia la relación entre estrés y ejercicio considerando varias variables como la edad del caballo, esfuerzo realizado en el ejercicio y condiciones ambientales. Por último, se considera la relación que existe entre estrés y enfermedad, teniendo en cuenta cómo afecta cada patología y la influencia de la evolución clínica en la concentración de cortisol plasmático (AU)

Síndrome de mala adaptación asociado a hipoactividad adrenocortical en una potra recien nacida / Neonatal maladjustment syndrome and hipoadrenocortical activity in a foal

El síndrome de maladaptación del neonato afecta a potros en su primera semana de vida (generalmente en las primeras 24 horas) y se manifiesta con alteraciones importantes del comportamiento de causa no infecciosa. Este síndrome también incluye los déficits neurológicos que presentan los potros prematuros, que se asocian con hipoactividad adrenocortical. Resultan escasos los trabajos publicados sobre hipoactividad adrenocortical en la especie equina, en concreto en potros, en relación con el síndrome de maladaptación. Este trabajo describe los hallazgos clínicos y laboratoriales en una potra con pocas horas de vida, las técnicas diagnósticas seguidas así como el tratamiento empleado, que dio lugar a la curación del animal. (AU)

Caso de fibroma osificante en el caballo / A case of ossifying fibroma in horse

Una potra de pura raza española de 3 meses de edad y no destetada ingresó en el Hospital Clínico Veterinario por la presencia de una masa de rápido crecimiento en la región antero-lateral mandibular derecha. Las imágenes radiológicas mostraron zonas radiolúcidas localizando la tumoración a nivel del incisivo extremo y extendiéndose 5cm dentro de la rama de la mandíbula. Macroscópicamente se observó como un crecimiento que hace protución en la boca de color marrón-grisáceo de consistencia firme extendiéndose desde el borde del incisivo extremo derecho. El análisis microscópico reveló amplias áreas de necrosis, bacterias y un infiltrado de polimorfos nucleares neutrófilos. Otras regiones se caracterizaron por la presencia de un tejido conectivo con abundante sustancia amorfa y fibroblastos, presentando espículas óseas con osteoclastos y zonas de matriz calcificada. Fueron múltiples las imágenes mitóticas y se observó escasa anaplasia celular. Las características descriptas ofrecen datos anatomopatológicos correspondientes con un fibroma osificante, de rara presentación en equinos, si bien existen contradicciones en la bibliografía acerca de su pronóstico y evolución. (AU)

Application of liquid chromatography to the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations.

This paper describes a rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method, with UV detection, for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. A reversed-phase C18 Nucleosil column is used. The mobile phase consists of 2 successive eluants: water (5 min) and acetonitrile-water (75 + 25, v/v; 9 min), both adjusted to pH 2.1 with phosphoric acid. Before determination acetylsalicylic acid is completely converted to salicylic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. Salicylic acid, caffeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine are all detected at 285 nm, whereas codeine is detected at 240 nm. Calibration curves were linear for salicylic acid, caffeine, paracetamol, and pyridoxine in the range of 50-500 mg/L, and for codeine and thiamine in the range of 50-1000 mg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 13 fortified commercial pharmaceutical preparations. Recoveries ranged from 92.6 to 105.5%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1-5.8%.

Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of (acetyl)salicylic acid, codeine and pyridoxine in pharmaceutical preparations using partial least-squares multivariate calibration.

A partial least-squares calibration (PLS) method for the simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of salicylic acid (SA), codeine (CO) and pyridoxine (PY) is proposed. The determination of SA, CO, and PY has been carried out in mixtures of up to three components by recording the emission fluorescence spectra between 300 and 500 nm (lambda(exc) = 220 nm). Due to the fact of the strong spectral overlap among the excitation and also among the emission spectra of these compounds, a previous separation should be carried out in order to determine them by conventional spectrofluorimetric methodologies. Here, a full-spectrum multivariate calibration PLS method is developed. The experimental calibration matrix was constructed with 14 samples. The concentration ranges considered were 0.1-2.0 (SA), 0.25-3.0 (CO) and 0.10-2.0 (PY) mg x l(-1). The optimum number of factors was selected by using the cross-validation method. The method also allows the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), CO and PY by previous alkaline hydrolysis of ASA to SA. To check the accuracy of the proposed method, it was applied to the determination of these compounds in synthetic mixtures and in pharmaceuticals.